These branches are defined as left and right depending on which side of the mother's pelvis they will be applied. Obstetric forceps consist of two branches (blades) that are positioned around the head of the fetus. Structure Obstetrical forceps, by William Smellie (1792) Wooden forceps c.1800, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow James Young Simpson's Caesarian forceps, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow Increased difficulty evacuating during recovery time.Increased postnatal recovery time and pain. Increased risk of injury to vagina and cervix.Increased risk of perineal lacerations, pelvic organ prolapse, and incontinence.Increased risk of damage to cranial nerve VI, resulting in strabismus.Increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage - sometimes leading to death: 4/10,000.Increased risk of clavicle fracture (rare).Increased risk of facial nerve injury (usually temporary).Analgesic drug-related inhibition of maternal effort (especially with epidural/spinal anaesthesia).Maternal illness such as heart disease, hypertension, glaucoma, aneurysm, or other conditions that make pushing difficult or dangerous.Severe and rare complications (occurring less frequently than 1 in 200) include nerve damage, Descemet's membrane rupture, skull fractures, and cervical cord injury. Common complications include the possibility of bruising the baby and causing more severe vaginal tears (perineal laceration) than would otherwise be the case (although it is important to recognise that almost all women will sustain some form of tear when delivering their first baby). Īdvantages of forceps use include avoidance of caesarean section (and the short and long-term complications that accompany this), reduction of delivery time, and general applicability with cephalic presentation (head presentation). In general, a forceps birth is likely to be safer for both the mother and baby than the alternatives – either a ventouse birth or a caesarean section – although caveats such as operator skill apply. Forceps births, like all assisted births, should only be undertaken to help promote the health of the mother or baby.
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